Tonic
Definition. The first scale degree — the home note that defines the key of a piece.
Detailed Explanation
The tonic is the first scale degree — the home note that defines the key of a piece. In the key of C major, the tonic is C; in D minor, the tonic is D. The tonic is the gravitational center of the music: phrases tend to begin and end on or near the tonic, harmonies resolve to the tonic, and the tonic represents stability and rest.
The tonic-dominant relationship is the foundation of Western tonal harmony. The dominant (fifth scale degree) creates tension; the tonic resolves it. This V-I cadence is the basic gesture of tonal music — countless phrases, sections, and entire pieces close with this resolution.
In modulation, music moves temporarily to a new tonic before returning home. The journey away and back is essentially the dramatic structure of much tonal music. Tonic stability is what we leave; tonic stability is what we return to.
Etymology
Greek tonikos, from tonos (‘tone, tension’).
In Practice
Identify the tonic of each section. Phrases tend to gravitate toward it; cadences resolve to it. Play with awareness of where the tonic is and how the music relates to it.
Notable Examples
- All tonal music — Universal (fundamental harmonic concept)
Related Terms
Opposite Of
Frequently Asked Questions
¿Qué significa Tonic en música?
The first scale degree — the home note that defines the key of a piece.
¿De dónde viene la palabra Tonic?
Greek tonikos, from tonos (‘tone, tension’).
¿Cómo se interpreta Tonic en la práctica?
Identify the tonic of each section. Phrases tend to gravitate toward it; cadences resolve to it. Play with awareness of where the tonic is and how the music relates to it.
¿Qué términos musicales se relacionan con Tonic?
Términos relacionados: Dominant, Key Signature, Modulation, Circle of fifths.
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