Turn
Definition. An ornament consisting of four notes — upper auxiliary, principal, lower auxiliary, principal. Indicated by ∽.
Detailed Explanation
The turn (also called gruppetto in Italian) is a four-note ornament that ‘turns’ around a principal note. The pattern is: upper auxiliary — principal — lower auxiliary — principal. The notation is a horizontal S-shape (∽) above the note.
The turn provides a graceful melodic decoration. It was particularly common in 18th-century music, where it appears constantly in keyboard, vocal, and instrumental writing. Mozart was a master of turn-based ornamentation; his slow movements feature turns in nearly every phrase.
Variations exist. The ‘inverted turn’ reverses the direction: lower auxiliary — principal — upper auxiliary — principal. The turn can be placed before, on, or after the beat depending on stylistic conventions of the period and composer.
Etymology
English, descriptive — the ornament ‘turns’ around the principal note. Italian gruppetto (‘little group’) is the equivalent term.
In Practice
Execute the four notes evenly. Light, graceful, decorative. The turn should ornament the principal note without overshadowing it.
Notable Examples
- Mozart — Various (extensive turn ornamentation)
- Chopin — Nocturnes (elaborate turn figures)
Related Terms
Opposite Of
Frequently Asked Questions
音楽で Turn はどういう意味ですか？
An ornament consisting of four notes — upper auxiliary, principal, lower auxiliary, principal. Indicated by ∽.
Turn という言葉はどこから来ていますか？
English, descriptive — the ornament ‘turns’ around the principal note. Italian gruppetto (‘little group’) is the equivalent term.
Turn は実際にどう演奏しますか？
Execute the four notes evenly. Light, graceful, decorative. The turn should ornament the principal note without overshadowing it.
Turn のよくある略記は？
Turn は一般に gruppetto と略されます。
Turn に関連する音楽用語は？
関連する用語：Gruppetto, Trill, Mordent。
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