Tonic
Definition. The first scale degree — the home note that defines the key of a piece.
Detailed Explanation
The tonic is the first scale degree — the home note that defines the key of a piece. In the key of C major, the tonic is C; in D minor, the tonic is D. The tonic is the gravitational center of the music: phrases tend to begin and end on or near the tonic, harmonies resolve to the tonic, and the tonic represents stability and rest.
The tonic-dominant relationship is the foundation of Western tonal harmony. The dominant (fifth scale degree) creates tension; the tonic resolves it. This V-I cadence is the basic gesture of tonal music — countless phrases, sections, and entire pieces close with this resolution.
In modulation, music moves temporarily to a new tonic before returning home. The journey away and back is essentially the dramatic structure of much tonal music. Tonic stability is what we leave; tonic stability is what we return to.
Etymology
Greek tonikos, from tonos (‘tone, tension’).
In Practice
Identify the tonic of each section. Phrases tend to gravitate toward it; cadences resolve to it. Play with awareness of where the tonic is and how the music relates to it.
Notable Examples
- All tonal music — Universal (fundamental harmonic concept)
Related Terms
Opposite Of
Frequently Asked Questions
What does Tonic mean in music?
The first scale degree — the home note that defines the key of a piece.
Where does the word Tonic come from?
Greek tonikos, from tonos (‘tone, tension’).
How is Tonic performed in practice?
Identify the tonic of each section. Phrases tend to gravitate toward it; cadences resolve to it. Play with awareness of where the tonic is and how the music relates to it.
What musical terms are related to Tonic?
Related terms include: Dominant, Key Signature, Modulation.
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